Reduction in the electron density produced by the Tonga volcano explosion on January 15, 2022
Heading:
| 1Chernogor, LF, Mylovanov, YB 1V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Kharkiv, Ukraine |
| Kinemat. fiz. nebesnyh tel (Online) 2023, 39(4):34-54 |
| https://doi.org/10.15407/kfnt2023.04.034 |
| Language: Ukrainian |
Abstract: The explosive Tonga volcano belongs to the unique ones. It is of the same order of magnitude as Krakatoa (1883), St. Helens (1980), El Chichón (1982), and Pinatubo (1991) volcanoes. The Tonga volcano uniqueness lies in the fact that the products of the eruption of the Tonga volcano rose to a record height of 50…58 km, whereas the height of the eruption of the most powerful volcano Krakatoa reached only 40…55 km. The thermal energy of the Tonga volcano has been estimated to be 3.9x1018 J, the volcanic explosive index (VEI) to be VEI ≈ 5.8, the volcano magnitude to be M ≈ 5.5, and the intensity to be I ≈ 10.8. We have also estimated the explosion energy to be 16…18 Mt TNT. The proof that the reduction in the ionospheric total electron content (TEC) observed on January 15, 2022, was due to the Tonga volcano explosion, as well as the determination of the principal parameters of the ionospheric «hole», are a problem of great urgency. The scientific objective of this study is to analyze the parameters of the ionospheric «hole» created by the Tonga volcano explosion on January 15, 2022. The ionospheric TEC variations are determined using the measurements of pseudorange and integrated phase data at two frequencies along the path to each GPS satellite. The state of space weather was conducive to observing the ionospheric effects caused by the Tonga volcano explosion. January 13 and 17, 2022 were perturbed the least, and they were taken to be the reference days. The main results are as follows. The temporal variations in TEC were determined to be practically monotonous. Sporadic and quasi-periodic variations took place on the day when the volcano exploded. Sporadic variations represented a decrease in TEC. This effect is termed the ionospheric «hole», which has been proved to be due to the volcano eruption. The time delay of the «hole»increased with an increase in the distance from the volcano to the observation site, while both the absolute value and relative magnitude of the reduction in TEC decreased. Estimates showed that the horizontal size of the hole did not exceed about 10 Mm, and the time delay of its appearance 122 min. The vertical component of the perturbation velocity was estimated to be 36…72 m/s, while the horizontal component to be 2.2 km/s. The ionospheric hole persisted for 120…200 min, the TEC in the ionospheric «hole» was reduced by about 2.5…10 TECU, depending on the distance from the volcano to the observation site, and its relative value exhibited variability in the –17…–34 % limits. |
| Keywords: ionosphere, ionospheric «hole», total electron content, volcano, «hole» parameters |
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