We propose a program for polarization investigations of celestial bodies with small telescopes. The program aims are as follows: the study of the fine structure of the interstellar medium aerosol component and of forces orienting interstellar particles; the investigation of the origin of stellar variability; the study of probable origin of surface layers of asteroids and making rough estimates of asteroids' albedos (on the basis of the Umov effect) and sizes; the control over long-period changes of the methane quantity in overcloud layers of Jupiter and Saturn; the control over the aerosol component characteristics for planetary atmospheres (for example, dust storms on Mars) and over the degree of optical inhomogeneity of planetary discs. Moreover, polarization observations can be performed successfully, which are traditional for solar system bodies and aimed at the investigation of optical properties of atmosphereless celestial bodies, of planetary atmospheres and of bright comets.